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# Convexity

## Bond Convexity

Bond convexity refers to the actual convex (non-linear) relationship between a bond’s price and yield. This is stated in relation to the linear duration approximation of the bond price and yield relationship.

• Convexity is often used as a general term for the approximation error that exists when using duration to approximate interest rate risk.

• The idea is this: duration is a linear (first derivative) approximation. To make the approximation more accurate, we can include a second-derivative adjustment, which is known as the convexity adjustment.

• The convexity adjustment is more important as the change in yield increases.

• This is most easily understood graphically.

## Interactive Duration/Convexity App

The interactive app on the following slide allows you to see, for varying yields, a bond’s actual price, the price predicted by duration, and the effect of convexity.

• Observe that duration always predicts that the bond’s price will be lower than it will actually be. Bond owners love convexity!

You can also see the effect of the coupon, YTM, and maturity on the bond’s duration and convexity.

• A steeper slope means a higher duration (more interest rate risk).

• When changing the coupon rate and maturity, note the changing values on the vertical axis to see the slope steepening and flattening.

## Calculating Convexity

To approximate the change in the bond’s price given a particular change in yield, we add the convexity adjustment to our original duration calculation. Convexity (C) is defined as:

• C = \frac{1}{P}\frac{\partial^2 P}{\partial y^2}

• where P is the bond’s price, and y its yield-to-maturity.

Taking the second derivative of the bond’s price with respect to yield affords:

• \frac{\partial^2 P}{\partial y^2} = \sum_{t=1}^{T} t(t+1)\frac{C_t}{(1+y)^{t+2}}

• where t is each period (coupon payment), numbered from 1 to T, and C_t is the payment amount in that period.

## Duration with Convexity Adjustment

And so the approximation of the change in the bond’s price for a given change in yield (\Delta y), including both duration and convexity, is:

• \Delta P = D^**P\Delta y + \frac{1}{2}CP(\Delta y)^2

• where D^** is the bond’s Modified Duration.

On the next slide is an interactive duration and convexity calculator.

## Credits and Collaboration

Click the following links to see the codeline-by-line contributions to this presentation, and all the collaborators who have contributed to 5-Minute Finance via GitHub.

Learn more about how to contribute here.

#### Also in Fixed Income and Other Debt

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Convexity
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